Mathematics

Twist & Shout Multiplication' a digital and audio mathematical toy by Leap Frog, a division of Knowledge Kids Enterprises. Complete with packaging, instructions and marked as manufactured in China, c.2000. This toy employs all the latest technology

• Twist and Shout Multliplication', 1999-2000.

An exchequer tally dated 1822. The English Exchequer used tallies to record deposits from the mid-12th century until 1826. Notches show the amount paid; differently spaced notches standing for a penny, a shilling, £1, £20, £100 and £1000.

• Exchequer tally and foil, English, 1822.

Hyperboloid of one sheet with its asymptotic cone; the tangent plane to the cone is also drawn.This is one of a large set of ruled surface models made by Fabre de Lagrange of Paris in 1872, following designs introduced in the early 19th century. They

• Hyperboloid and Asymptotic Cone, surface string model, 1872.

Elliptic trammel by Stanley, 1876. Trammels were used for curve drawing from the Rennaissance until the use of computers made them obsolete.

• Trammel for drawing ellipses, 1876.

Napier's bones, cylindrical type, late 17th century. John Napier (1550-1617), discoverer of logarithms, created the popular calculating tool known as Napier's rods or bones. Napier's rods reduced muliplication to a sequence of simple additions; divis

• Naper's bones, late 17th century

Napier's bones in brass, 17th century. John Napier (1550-1617), inventor of logarithms, also created this popular calculating tool known as Napier's cylindrical 'rods' or 'bones'. Napier's rods reduced muliplication to a sequence of simple additions

• Napier's bones, 17th century

Callipers, used for artillery purposes, French, 17th century. Callipers were used to measure the diameter of cannon balls and the bores of cannons. This example also containd scales for artillery calculations

• Gunnery callipers, French, 17th century.

Automatic calculator: Chambon's "Multiplicateur Enfantin". The device shows multiplication tables up to 50 times 28.

• The 'Multiplicateur Enfantin' ready reckoner, c 1880.

'Tachypoly Plasiasme' ready reckoner, 1880-1884. Invented by C L Chambon in 1880, the 'Tachypoly plasiasme' ready reckoner showed multiplication tables up to 100 times 100.

• The 'Tachypoly Plasiasme' ready reckoner, 1880-1884

Brunsviga calculating machine with lid, no262. c.1892. This barrel calculating machine represents the Brunsviga in its earliest form. Barrel calculating machines were smaller, lighter and easier to operate than Arithmometers. The machine performs mu

• Brunsviga calculating machine, 1892.